Introduction: What is Spina Bifida?
What is spina bifida causes: Spina bifida is a serious birth defect that happens when a baby’s spine and spinal cord do not form correctly during pregnancy. Doctors classify it as a neural tube defect, which means the neural tube—the structure that later develops into the brain and spinal cord—fails to close properly. This condition may cause lifelong physical and neurological challenges.
When parents or caregivers ask, “What is spina bifida, its causes, symptoms, and treatment?” they seek practical answers to help them prepare. By learning about spina bifida early, families can make informed decisions, explore treatment options, and improve a child’s quality of life.
Understanding the Causes of Spina Bifida
Genetic Causes of Spina Bifida
Research shows that genetics increases the risk of spina bifida. If a parent, sibling, or close family member has a neural tube defect, the chances of recurrence rise. Doctors also connect certain gene mutations to abnormal development of the neural tube.
Environmental Causes of Spina Bifida
The environment also plays a role. Mothers exposed to radiation, harmful chemicals, or excessive heat during pregnancy face higher risks. Uncontrolled diabetes, obesity, and poor nutrition also contribute to the development of spina bifida.
Folic Acid Deficiency and Spina Bifida
One of the most critical causes is folic acid deficiency. Medical studies confirm that women who do not take enough folic acid before conception or during early pregnancy are more likely to have babies with spina bifida. That’s why doctors recommend 400 micrograms of folic acid daily for women of childbearing age.
Also read- 5 Warning Signs of Bowel Cancer and How to Reduce the Risk, According to a Gut Expert
Types of Spina Bifida Explained
Spina Bifida Occulta
This mild type often goes unnoticed because most people do not show symptoms. Doctors usually discover it during X-rays for unrelated conditions.
Meningocele Type of Spina Bifida
In meningocele, fluid-filled sacs protrude through gaps in the spine, but the spinal cord remains unaffected. Surgery usually corrects this, and children may lead normal lives.
Myelomeningocele: The Severe Type
This is the most dangerous form of spina bifida. The spinal canal stays open along several vertebrae, and nerves push out of the body. Myelomeningocele often leads to paralysis, bladder issues, and learning difficulties, making early surgery and lifelong care essential.
Symptoms of Spina Bifida You Should Know
Spina bifida symptoms depend on severity. Common symptoms include:
Weak or paralyzed leg muscles
Difficulty walking without braces or wheelchairs
Bladder and bowel problems
Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain)
Orthopedic issues such as clubfoot or a curved spine
Learning challenges in some cases
When parents notice these signs, they should seek medical advice immediately.
Diagnosis: How Doctors Detect Spina Bifida
Doctors use different methods to diagnose spina bifida during pregnancy:
Ultrasound scans reveal spinal abnormalities.
AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) blood tests detect higher levels of proteins linked to neural tube defects.
Amniocentesis checks the amniotic fluid for genetic and developmental problems.
Early diagnosis allows doctors and families to prepare for surgery or specialized care soon after birth.
Treatment Options for Spina Bifida
Surgical Treatments for Spina Bifida
Doctors often recommend surgery after birth to close the spinal opening and protect nerves. In some cases, fetal surgery—performed while the baby is still in the womb—reduces nerve damage and improves mobility later in life.
Therapies and Rehabilitation
Children with spina bifida often need long-term therapies. Physical therapy strengthens muscles, occupational therapy improves daily skills, and assistive devices such as wheelchairs or crutches enhance independence.
Lifestyle and Home Care
Parents can create a safe, supportive environment at home. Balanced nutrition, regular checkups, and customized exercise plans help children build confidence and reduce complications.
Real-Life Case Study of Spina Bifida
Take the example of a child diagnosed with myelomeningocele. Doctors performed corrective surgery within 48 hours of birth. With physiotherapy and adaptive equipment, the child grew up to attend school, play sports, and pursue hobbies. This story proves that with proper treatment and family support, children with spina bifida can live fulfilling lives.
Tips to Prevent Spina Bifida
Families can lower the risk of spina bifida by following these steps:
Take folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy.
Eat folate-rich foods like spinach, beans, and fortified cereals.
Maintain a healthy body weight.
Manage chronic conditions such as diabetes.
Avoid alcohol, smoking, and harmful substances.
Frequently Asked Questions on Spina Bifida
1. Is spina bifida curable?
Doctors cannot fully cure spina bifida, but treatments improve the quality of life.
2. Can adults have spina bifida without symptoms?
Yes, many adults live with spina bifida occulta without realizing it.
3. How common is spina bifida?
Globally, about 1 in 1,000 babies are born with spina bifida, though rates vary by region.
4. Does spina bifida affect intelligence?
Most children with mild forms have normal intelligence. Severe cases may cause learning difficulties.
5. What role does folic acid play?
Folic acid prevents up to 70% of neural tube defects, including spina bifida.
Conclusion: Why Awareness About Spina Bifida Matters
Spina bifida remains a life-changing condition, but awareness saves lives. By learning what spina bifida is, its causes, symptoms, and treatment, families prepare better and take preventive steps. With early diagnosis, proper care, and emotional support, children with spina bifida can thrive.
If you are planning a pregnancy, talk to your doctor about folic acid supplements and prenatal care. Prevention starts with awareness, and awareness begins with you.